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Related Concept Videos

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
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What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
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What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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Chemistry of the Cell02:58

Chemistry of the Cell

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The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen bonding makes water a unique substance with special properties that are intimately tied to the processes of life. Life originally evolved in an aqueous environment, and most of an organism’s cellular chemistry and metabolism occur inside the aqueous contents of the cell’s cytoplasm. Special properties of water are its high heat capacity...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Natural Killer NK and CAR-NK Cell Expansion Method using Membrane Bound-IL-21-Modified B Cell Line
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Natural Killer NK and CAR-NK Cell Expansion Method using Membrane Bound-IL-21-Modified B Cell Line

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NK-Cell Lymphomas.

Dai Chihara1, Yasuhiro Oki2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.

Cancer Treatment and Research
|January 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural killer (NK)-cell malignancies are rare, aggressive cancers. New therapies are improving survival rates for Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL), with clinical trials offering hope.

Keywords:
Concurrent chemoradiotherapyL-asparaginaseNK-cell lymphomaReviewStem cell transplantTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • NK-cell malignancies are rare, aggressive hematologic neoplasms with poor prognoses.
  • Geographic variations in incidence suggest environmental or infectious factors, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), play a role in pathogenesis.
  • Plasma viral titer in EBV-associated NK-cell malignancies correlates with disease burden and treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of NK-cell malignancies, focusing on Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL).
  • To summarize recent therapeutic advancements and outcomes for ENKL.
  • To highlight the importance of clinical trials for future treatment improvements.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NK-cell malignancies and ENKL treatment strategies.
  • Analysis of outcomes associated with conventional chemotherapy, chemoradiation, and L-asparaginase-containing regimens.
  • Discussion of the role of stem cell transplantation and novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Conventional anthracycline-based chemotherapy for ENKL historically yielded poor outcomes.
  • Concurrent chemoradiation for early-stage ENKL and L-asparaginase-based chemotherapy show improved survival rates (60-70% and 50-60%, respectively).
  • Stem cell transplant is effective for refractory/recurrent disease, but its frontline role requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • ENKL treatment has evolved, with newer non-anthracycline regimens and chemoradiation offering better outcomes.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies show promise, emphasizing the need for ongoing research.
  • Patient enrollment in clinical trials is crucial for advancing treatment and improving survival in NK-cell malignancies.