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Types of Selection

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...

Decision Making

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...

Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation

Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory, introduced in the 1940s and 1950s and often termed the "push theory" of motivation, provides a framework for understanding how biological and learned drives influence behavior. Hull suggested that motivation originates from the need to alleviate physiological tension caused by unmet biological necessities. The theory proposes that when a basic need, such as hunger or sleep, goes unfulfilled, it creates an internal imbalance. This imbalance, or...

Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation

Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation

Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
The theory differentiates between...

Decision Making: Traditional Method

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...

Reason and Intuition

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...

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Related Experiment Videos

Goal-driven, stimulus-driven, and history-driven selection.

¹Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Psychology

|February 4, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new framework for attentional selection, highlighting the significant impact of past experiences and environmental regularities on how we focus attention. This history-based selection complements existing goal-driven and stimulus-driven models.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Computational Modeling

Background:

Attentional selection is crucial for processing information.
Existing models focus on goal-driven and stimulus-driven factors.
The role of past experience in shaping attention is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a framework integrating selection history into attentional selection.
To investigate the mechanisms of history-based attentional biasing.
To demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of experience-driven attention.

Main Methods:

Theoretical framework development.
Review of existing literature on attentional selection and statistical learning.
Conceptual analysis of the interplay between selection history and attentional control.

Main Results:

Identified three independent factors driving attentional selection: goal-driven, stimulus-driven, and selection history.
Proposed that visual statistical learning underlies history-based selection.
Highlighted selection history as a flexible, fast, and automatic attentional biasing mechanism.

Conclusions:

Selection history, informed by environmental regularities, significantly impacts attentional selection.
History-based selection offers advantages over purely goal-driven or stimulus-driven approaches.
Understanding distributional properties of the environment is key to comprehending attentional mechanisms.