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Related Concept Videos

What is Energy?04:10

What is Energy?

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The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...
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Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Potential Energy00:52

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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
Chemical bonds that form attractive forces between atoms also contain potential energy, called chemical energy. When a chemical reaction...
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Energy Basics02:27

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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound...
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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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A Comprehensive Procedure to Evaluate the In Vivo Performance of Cancer Nanomedicines
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Energy-Converting Nanomedicine.

Huijing Xiang1, Yu Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Energy-converting nanomedicine uses external stimuli to activate nanomaterials for targeted cancer therapy. This approach offers noninvasive treatment with precise dose control, overcoming limitations of conventional methods.

Keywords:
biosafety issuesclinical translationenergy-convertingexternal stimulinanomedicine

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Conventional cancer therapies like chemotherapy and surgery face limitations due to side effects and efficacy issues.
  • Nanotechnology offers advanced solutions for cancer therapeutics with superior properties.
  • Externally activatable nanomedicines, termed "energy-converting nanomedicine," are emerging as a promising strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in intelligent functional nanotherapeutics for energy-converting nanomedicine.
  • To summarize various energy-converting nanomedicine modalities based on external stimuli.
  • To address biosafety concerns and discuss future prospects for clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on photo-based, radiation-based, ultrasound-based, magnetic field-based, microwave-based, electric field-based, and radiofrequency-based nanomedicines.
  • Analysis of energy transformation mechanisms for therapeutic element/effect release.
  • Evaluation of biosafety and clinical translation challenges.

Main Results:

  • Energy-converting nanomedicine utilizes external stimuli (light, radiation, ultrasound, magnetic fields, etc.) to activate nanomaterials.
  • These nanomedicines enable precise energy conversion for targeted cancer therapy, releasing cytotoxic agents or effects.
  • Various modalities demonstrate noninvasiveness, good tissue penetration, and accurate dose modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Energy-converting nanomedicine represents a significant advancement in cancer therapeutics, offering targeted and controlled treatment.
  • Further research into biosafety and overcoming clinical translation challenges is crucial for widespread adoption.
  • This field holds substantial promise for improving cancer treatment outcomes.