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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Comparative Excretory Systems

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Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
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Immunotherapy Toxicity.

Charlene M Mantia1, Elizabeth I Buchbinder2

  • 1Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors like CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 blockers has advanced cancer treatment. These therapies can cause immune-related adverse events affecting various organs.

Keywords:
Immune checkpoint inhibitorsImmune-related adverse eventsImmunotherapyToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy has significantly improved treatment outcomes for various malignancies.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a major advancement, enhancing the immune system's ability to target cancer cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment.
  • To discuss the efficacy and potential side effects of these novel therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Analysis of approved ICI targets including CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1.
  • Summarization of common and potential immune-related adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 are approved for numerous localized and advanced cancers.
  • These therapies work by blocking inhibitory signaling pathways, thereby unleashing anti-tumor immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer a powerful new modality in cancer therapy.
  • Awareness and management of immune-related adverse events are crucial for patient safety and treatment success.