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Related Concept Videos

Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
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Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump
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Piston-Based vs Peristaltic Pump-Based CT Injector Systems.

Amy Chaya, Gregor Jost, Jan Endrikat

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Piston-based injectors offer superior fluid delivery for computed tomography (CT) contrast media compared to peristaltic pump systems. This technology achieves higher flow rates and more consistent delivery, potentially improving CT imaging.

    Keywords:
    CT injector technologycontrast media deliveryfluid delivery parametersiodinated contrast mediaperistaltic pumppiston-basedpower injection

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging Technology
    • Radiology
    • Fluid Dynamics

    Background:

    • Accurate and consistent delivery of iodinated contrast media is crucial for optimal computed tomography (CT) imaging.
    • Different injector technologies exist, but their fluid delivery performance characteristics require detailed comparison.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the fluid delivery performance of a piston-based contrast media injector system with peristaltic pump-based systems.
    • Evaluate maximum achievable flow rate and steady-state flow rate variance across different injector technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • A piston-based injector (Stellant MP) was compared to two peristaltic pump-based injectors (CT motion, CT Exprès).
    • Iopromide and iopamidol contrast media were used at varying concentrations (300, 370 mg I/mL) and catheter sizes (18, 20, 22 G).
    • Key performance metrics included maximum flow rate and steady-state flow rate variance.

    Main Results:

    • The piston-based injector demonstrated significantly higher maximum achievable flow rates compared to peristaltic systems across tested catheter sizes.
    • Steady-state flow rate variance was minimal (<0.04 mL/s) for the piston-based injector, indicating consistent delivery.
    • Peristaltic pump systems exhibited pulsatile injection patterns with significantly greater flow rate variance.

    Conclusions:

    • Piston-based CT contrast media injectors provide superior fluid delivery performance, characterized by higher flow rates and greater consistency.
    • These findings suggest potential benefits for image quality in CT scans utilizing this technology.
    • Further research with flow phantoms and clinical studies is recommended to validate these preliminary laboratory findings.