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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Sinusoidal Sources01:18

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Direct current (DC) refers to an electric current that flows in a single direction, maintaining a constant polarity. This is in contrast to alternating current (AC), which periodically changes its direction and magnitude. AC forms the backbone of modern electricity transmission and distribution systems due to its efficient long-distance transmission capabilities.
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Source Transformation01:15

Source Transformation

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Source transformation is a fundamental technique employed in circuit analysis, offering a valuable tool for simplifying complex electrical circuits. This technique involves the replacement of either a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source in parallel with a resistor, or vice versa. The key concept here is that when the original sources are deactivated (turned off), the equivalent resistance at the circuit's end terminals remains the same.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources.

Robert Schoenlein1, Thomas Elsaesser2, Karsten Holldack3

  • 11 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|April 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Ultrafast X-ray sources, including X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), now probe matter

Keywords:
X-ray free-electron laserattosecond pulsesfemtosecond X-rayhigh-order harmonic generationlaser-driven plasma X-ray sourcesynchrotron

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Area of Science:

  • X-ray science
  • Materials science
  • Quantum dynamics

Background:

  • X-rays have been crucial for understanding matter's structure for over a century.
  • Recent advancements in ultrafast X-ray sources have opened new research frontiers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the capabilities of femtosecond and attosecond X-ray sources.
  • To investigate the coupling between electronic and atomic dynamics in matter.
  • To highlight the role of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and other advanced sources.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing femtosecond to attosecond X-ray sources.
  • Employing X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs).
  • Leveraging synchrotron-based and table-top laser-plasma X-ray sources.
  • Using laser-based high-order harmonic XUV sources.

Main Results:

  • Enabling sensitive probing of structural dynamics on atomic timescales.
  • Allowing element-specific probing of electronic structure and charge dynamics.
  • Providing new approaches to study coupled electronic-atomic dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrafast X-ray science offers unprecedented insights into the fundamental behavior of matter.
  • XFELs and other advanced sources are revolutionizing the study of ultrafast dynamics.
  • These tools are essential for unraveling the properties and functions of materials.