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Related Concept Videos

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration
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Oxygen Microbubble Generator Enabled by Tunable Catalytic Microtubes.

Sumayyah Naeem1,2, Farah Naeem1,2, Jinrun Liu1

  • 1Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|May 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Catalytic microtubes generate oxygen microbubbles from hydrogen peroxide. Microtube aspect ratio influences bubble size and frequency, with longer tubes producing less total oxygen volume.

Keywords:
bubblescatalysthydrogen peroxidemicrotubesoxygen

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • On-chip integration of nanomembranes for microfluidic applications.
  • Catalytic microtubes for controlled gas generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Optimize oxygen microbubble generation using catalytic microtubes.
  • Investigate the effect of microtube geometry on bubble characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of rolled-up Ti/Cr/Pt catalytic microtubes.
  • On-chip generation of oxygen microbubbles in hydrogen peroxide solutions.
  • Systematic variation of hydrogen peroxide and surfactant concentrations.
  • Analysis of bubble parameters (frequency, radius, volumetric flow rate) in relation to microtube aspect ratio.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen microbubble generation was achieved using catalytic microtubes.
  • Bubble frequency and radius were optimized by adjusting hydrogen peroxide and dish soap concentrations.
  • Increased microtube aspect ratio resulted in smaller bubbles but higher frequencies.
  • Longer microtubes produced a lower total oxygen volume compared to shorter ones.

Conclusions:

  • Catalytic microtubes offer a tunable platform for oxygen microbubble generation.
  • Microtube geometry significantly impacts bubble dynamics and volumetric output.
  • Understanding bubble behavior within microtubes is crucial for optimizing microfluidic gas generation systems.