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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

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Pituitary Tumor Radiosurgery.

Daniel M Trifiletti1, Sunil W Dutta2, Cheng-Chia Lee3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

Progress in Neurological Surgery
|May 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective treatment for pituitary adenomas, offering good tumor control and endocrine remission with low toxicity for residual, recurrent, or refractory cases.

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Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells
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Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells

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Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Endocrinology
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial tumors causing hormonal imbalances and local compression.
  • Standard treatments include endocrine therapy and surgery, but challenges remain for persistent disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of stereotactic radiosurgery in managing pituitary adenomas.
  • To highlight its efficacy in cases with residual, recurrent, or refractory tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data and literature supporting stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas.
  • Analysis of outcomes including local tumor control, endocrine remission, and toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Stereotactic radiosurgery demonstrates favorable local tumor control rates.
  • Effective endocrine remission rates are achieved with this modality.
  • Infrequent toxicity is observed, making it a safe option.

Conclusions:

  • Stereotactic radiosurgery is a valuable management option for complex pituitary adenoma cases.
  • It offers a promising alternative to resection, with increasing acceptance.
  • Future use is expected to grow among patients and healthcare providers.