Transfusion-associated hepatitis and AIDS. What is the risk?

Area of Science:

• Transfusion Medicine
• Infectious Disease Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Infectious complications remain a significant concern for blood transfusion recipients.
• Transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) pose a persistent risk despite advancements in screening.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the effectiveness of current donor selection and testing protocols in minimizing TTI risk.
• To inform patients and healthcare providers about the inherent risks and benefits of blood transfusions.

Main Methods:

• Review of established protocols for high-risk donor exclusion.
• Analysis of serological testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb).
• Assessment of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels as a marker for liver health.

Main Results:

• Donor exclusion and testing for HIV, HBcAb, and ALT significantly enhance blood supply safety.
• While the risk is minimized, it cannot be entirely eradicated.
• Each transfusion necessitates a careful benefit-risk assessment.

Conclusions:

• Current donor screening measures are highly effective in reducing the risk of TTIs.
• Achieving an absolutely safe blood supply is not feasible.
• Ongoing vigilance and understanding of residual risk are crucial for transfusion medicine.