Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

13.5K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
13.5K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.3K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
82.3K
Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

1.1K
Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
1.1K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

36.7K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
36.7K
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

403
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
403
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Miscellaneous Factors01:19

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Miscellaneous Factors

973
Drug distribution in the human body is a complex process influenced by various individual factors, including age, pregnancy, obesity, diet, body water composition, pH levels, and specific disease conditions.
Age plays a significant role due to differences in body composition among different age groups. Infants, for instance, have a higher proportion of total body water and lower albumin levels, a protein that binds drugs in the bloodstream. This unique composition in infants enhances the...
973

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A PUF-Based Secure and Lightweight Authentication Protocol for Medical IoT Environments.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

A PUF-Based Secure Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for the Internet of Drones.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Security Evaluation of Provably Secure ECC-Based Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for IoT.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Provably Secure Lightweight Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Cloud-Based IoT Environments.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

Robust and Efficient Authentication and Group-Proof Scheme Using Physical Unclonable Functions for Wearable Computing.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

Blockchain-Based Data Access Control and Key Agreement System in IoT Environment.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem
10:15

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem

Published on: February 3, 2021

4.2K

Secure Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Multi-Gateway IoT Environments.

JoonYoung Lee1, SungJin Yu2, KiSung Park3

  • 1School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea. harry250@naver.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances Internet of Things (IoT) security by proposing a robust three-factor mutual authentication protocol. The new protocol addresses vulnerabilities found in previous methods, ensuring secure communication in multi-gateway IoT environments.

Keywords:
AVISPAcryptanalysis, BAN logicinternet of thingsmulti-gatewaymutual authentication

More Related Videos

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis
07:29

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Published on: November 11, 2022

2.4K
A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
08:33

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

7.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem
10:15

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem

Published on: February 3, 2021

4.2K
HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis
07:29

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Published on: November 11, 2022

2.4K
A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
08:33

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

7.4K

Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Security
  • Cryptography

Background:

  • Internet of Things (IoT) environments rely on wireless networks, which are vulnerable to various security threats like impersonation and privacy invasion.
  • Mutual authentication protocols are crucial for securing IoT services, with existing protocols like Bae et al.'s (2017) facing identified security weaknesses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the security vulnerabilities in existing authentication protocols for multi-gateway IoT environments.
  • To propose a novel three-factor mutual authentication protocol that enhances security and overcomes the limitations of prior work.

Main Methods:

  • Critically analyzed Bae et al.'s smartcard-based two-factor authentication protocol, identifying vulnerabilities to user impersonation, gateway spoofing, and session key disclosure.
  • Developed and proposed a new three-factor mutual authentication protocol specifically designed for multi-gateway IoT settings.
  • Employed Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic for formal proof of mutual authentication.
  • Utilized the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool for formal security verification.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant security flaws in Bae et al.'s protocol, including susceptibility to impersonation and gateway spoofing attacks, and failure to provide mutual authentication.
  • The proposed three-factor protocol successfully resolves the identified security weaknesses.
  • Formal verification using BAN logic confirmed the protocol's ability to achieve secure mutual authentication.
  • AVISPA analysis validated the protocol's security in multi-gateway IoT environments.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed three-factor mutual authentication protocol offers enhanced security for multi-gateway IoT environments.
  • The protocol effectively mitigates identified vulnerabilities, providing a more secure solution compared to previous methods.
  • The protocol is proven to be secure and practical for real-world IoT applications.