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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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What is a Frequency Distribution00:51

What is a Frequency Distribution

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A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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Mean From a Frequency Distribution01:11

Mean From a Frequency Distribution

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Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the quantitative data set is plotted in the form of a table. Or else, the data values are grouped into the quantity’s intervals, which form classes, and their respective frequencies are known. That is, the data values are distributed over different categories or classes. This is known as frequency distribution.
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Frequency Response of BJT01:24

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The frequency response of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) in a common-emitter configuration is critical to its functionality, especially in applications involving amplification of alternating current (AC) signals. This response can be analyzed through low-frequency and high-frequency equivalent circuits, considering various internal parameters and external conditions.
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Load-frequency control01:28

Load-frequency control

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Load-frequency control (LFC) is vital for maintaining power system stability, ensuring that frequency and power flows remain within acceptable limits during load changes. Turbine-governor control eliminates rotor accelerations and decelerations following load changes. However, a steady-state frequency error persists when the change in the turbine-governor reference setting is zero. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through...
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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
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Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators
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Tunable single-frequency lasing in a microresonator.

Simon J Herr, Karsten Buse, Ingo Breunig

    Optics Express
    |June 6, 2019
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a novel whispering-gallery laser using a low-cost diode laser for excitation, eliminating the need for expensive pump sources. The system achieves efficient, stable, and tunable continuous-wave single-frequency lasing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonators are efficient microphotonic coherent light sources.
    • Current WGM laser realizations often require expensive pump light sources, limiting practical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a cost-effective WGM laser system.
    • To achieve high laser performance without expensive pump sources.
    • To demonstrate continuous-wave (CW) single-frequency lasing with tunable output.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Nd:YVO₄ whispering-gallery resonator.
    • Employed non-resonant excitation with a low-cost, unstabilized laser diode (810 nm).
    • Investigated thermal tuning for frequency fine-tuning.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved CW single-frequency lasing at 1064 nm with mW optical power.
    • Demonstrated temporal power stability of ±1.5% and frequency stability of ±30 MHz.
    • Obtained mode-hop-free frequency tuning exceeding 11 GHz via thermal control.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed WGM laser system offers an efficient and cost-effective alternative to traditional setups.
    • The system exhibits excellent laser performance, including stability and tunability.
    • Potential for further advancements in tuning speed using alternative methods like geometric or electro-optic tuning.