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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Volume of Distribution01:20

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The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter representing the hypothetical body fluid volume into which a drug disperses. It is calculated based on the total amount of drug in the body (estimated from the administered dose and bioavailability) divided by the plasma drug concentration. The total amount of drug in the body does not directly refer to the dose given but is derived by accounting for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes.
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Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution01:25

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The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS
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Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS

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Ray-Based Exploration of Large Time-Varying Volume Data Using Per-Ray Proxy Distributions.

Ko-Chih Wang, Tzu-Hsuan Wei, Naeem Shareef

    IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
    |June 7, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Analyzing large simulation datasets from supercomputers is challenging due to data size. This study introduces a novel ray-based representation to efficiently visualize evolving volume data between sampled time steps, enabling faster exploration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Scientific Visualization
    • High-Performance Computing Data Analysis

    Background:

    • Supercomputers generate massive datasets, overwhelming storage and network bandwidth.
    • Directly transferring and analyzing these large datasets is often infeasible.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an efficient method for visualizing time-varying volume data from supercomputer simulations.
    • To overcome I/O bottlenecks in analyzing high-resolution, high-temporal-resolution datasets.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel ray-based representation storing histograms and depth information is proposed.
    • A view-dependent proxy leverages temporal coherence, interpolation, ray histograms, depth, and codebooks.
    • This method compactly represents time-varying data while enabling efficient interpolation.

    Main Results:

    • The approach enables recovery of volume data evolution between sampled time steps.
    • It offers a good trade-off between data compression and temporal coherence.
    • Fast rendering is achieved for transfer function exploration and feature evolution visualization.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel ray-based representation effectively addresses challenges in visualizing large, time-varying simulation data.
    • This method facilitates interactive exploration of complex scientific datasets.
    • It supports the visualization of feature evolution in dynamic simulations.