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    This study introduces a novel error cancellation technique for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using square waves, enabling efficient and accurate biological material characterization for wearable health devices.

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    Area of Science:

    • Electrical Engineering
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is crucial for characterizing biological materials.
    • Traditional EIS methods using sinusoidal waves are bulky and power-inefficient.
    • Square-wave based EIS offers efficiency but suffers from harmonic-induced errors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a technique for canceling harmonic errors in square-wave based EIS.
    • To enable accurate and efficient impedance measurements for biological materials.
    • To facilitate the integration of EIS into low-power wearable and implantable health devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed a post-processing technique to cancel harmonic errors in square-wave EIS.
    • Utilized known harmonic magnitude ratios of square waves for error cancellation.
    • Validated the technique through simulations on various impedance models and experimental measurements.

    Main Results:

    • Simulations demonstrated the technique's applicability across different impedance models.
    • Experimental results showed high precision with 1% magnitude and 0.5° phase error using five terms.
    • Biological tissue measurements achieved average errors of 0.7% magnitude and [Formula: see text] phase.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed technique effectively cancels harmonic errors in square-wave EIS.
    • This method offers a power- and area-efficient alternative to traditional sinusoidal EIS.
    • Significant potential for integration into wearable and implantable health monitoring systems.