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MR Imaging of Normal Brain Development.

Matthew J Barkovich1, Anthony James Barkovich1

  • 1Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Room S257, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for evaluating normal brain development in fetuses and children. Understanding typical brain changes, like myelination and sulcation, is key from 16 weeks gestation to 2 years of age.

Keywords:
Brain developmentNeurodevelopmentNormal brainPediatric brainPediatric neuroradiology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatric Radiology

Background:

  • Normal brain development involves intricate processes of growth, myelination, and sulcation.
  • Understanding the typical timeline and appearance of these changes is essential for accurate assessment.
  • Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides detailed visualization of the developing brain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the normal MR imaging appearance of the fetal and pediatric brain during development.
  • To highlight critical developmental milestones and their imaging correlates.
  • To establish a reference for evaluating deviations from normal brain maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of MR imaging findings in fetal and pediatric populations across different gestational ages and postnatal ages.
  • Correlation of imaging features with known developmental processes such as myelination and sulcation.
  • Assessment of morphological and biometric parameters in the developing brain.

Main Results:

  • Fetal brain MR imaging is feasible from 16 weeks gestational age, allowing morphological and biometric evaluation.
  • Fetal brain sulcation patterns may lag behind those of premature neonates of similar gestational age.
  • Myelination follows specific gradients (central to peripheral, dorsal to ventral), with sensory axons typically myelinating before motor axons.
  • By two years of age, the pediatric brain exhibits a near-adult appearance on conventional anatomic MR imaging.

Conclusions:

  • MR imaging is a vital tool for assessing normal brain development in utero and in pediatric patients.
  • Knowledge of normal developmental imaging patterns, including myelination and sulcation timelines, is critical for accurate interpretation.
  • The brain undergoes significant, predictable changes from the fetal period through early childhood, approaching adult morphology by age two.