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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Symmetric Member in Bending01:07

Symmetric Member in Bending

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In the study of the mechanics of materials, analyzing the behavior of prismatic members under opposing couples is crucial for understanding internal stress distributions, which are essential for structural design. When subjected to couples, a prismatic member experiences internal forces that maintain equilibrium. A couple, characterized by two equal and opposite forces, creates a moment but no resultant force. The internal forces at any section cut of the member must balance these external...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Assessment of Cardiac Output Calculation by Thermodilution in Pigs for Effective Perfusion Flow During EVLP
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Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene Associated with Low Output Cardiac Failure.

Sijan Basnet1, Priya Rajagopalan2, Rashmi Dhital3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Reading Hospital and Medical Center, West Reading, PA 19611, USA. sijan.basnet@towerhealth.org.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|July 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is a rare condition causing extremity ischemia. This case highlights its link to low ejection fraction, potentially from chronic alcohol use, aiding early detection.

Keywords:
heart failurelow flow statesymmetrical peripheral gangrene

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is a rare condition involving distal extremity ischemia without vascular compromise.
  • Non-ischemic etiologies for SPG are less understood but critical for diagnosis.
  • Low cardiac output states can precipitate ischemic events in peripheral tissues.

Observation:

  • A 64-year-old male presented with bilateral necrotic toes.
  • The patient exhibited deranged liver function tests.
  • Severe depression of ejection fraction was noted, attributed to chronic alcohol ingestion.

Findings:

  • The patient's presentation suggests a link between low ejection fraction and symmetrical peripheral gangrene.
  • Chronic alcohol use may be an underlying factor contributing to both cardiac dysfunction and SPG.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering cardiac output in SPG etiology.

Implications:

  • Increased awareness of SPG in low output states can improve diagnostic timelines.
  • Early detection and prevention strategies for SPG can be enhanced by recognizing cardiac associations.
  • This case contributes to understanding the pathophysiology of SPG in non-ischemic contexts.