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Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
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Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with...
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Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols
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Anionic Surfactant-Induced Changes in Skin Permeability.

Stephanie A V Morris1, Kavssery P Ananthapadmanabhan1, Gerald B Kasting1

  • 1Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0004.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anionic surfactants damage skin barrier, increasing electrical conductivity and water loss. Higher surfactant charge significantly enhances skin penetration and damage, impacting barrier function.

Keywords:
diffusiondrug transportmembrane transportmicellepermeabilitypermeation enhancersphysical characterizationskinsurface chemistrysurfactants

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Anionic surfactants disrupt the skin's protective barrier by damaging stratum corneum lipids and proteins.
  • Understanding surfactant interaction with skin is crucial for product formulation and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how anionic surfactants affect the skin's polar and transcellular pathways.
  • To determine the impact of these changes on surfactant penetration into the skin.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro application of anionic surfactant formulations to human cadaver skin.
  • Measurement of skin electrical conductivity using a four-terminal resistance method.
  • Quantification of water and surfactant permeation using radiolabeled tracers.

Main Results:

  • Anionic surfactants rapidly increased skin electrical conductivity and water permeability.
  • Surfactant permeation increased non-linearly over time and linearly with monomer concentration.
  • Surfactant zeta potential correlated with skin conductivity, water permeation, and surfactant permeation.

Conclusions:

  • Anionic surfactant micelle charge is a key predictor of skin damage.
  • Highly charged surfactants induce greater damage to the human skin barrier.
  • Findings highlight the importance of surfactant charge in skin interaction studies.