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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Published on: April 8, 2013

Intranasal Glucagon.

Sanjay Kalra¹, Mudita Dhingra²

¹Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India.

JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association

|August 22, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Intranasal glucagon offers a convenient alternative to injectable forms for managing hypoglycemia. This novel delivery method provides an effective and accessible option for emergency treatment.

Keywords:

Hypoglycaemia, Insulin, Paediatric diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes.

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Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Endocrinology
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Glucagon is vital for treating hypoglycemia.
Current injectable glucagon formulations present challenges in usability and accessibility.
Limited global availability of injectable glucagon necessitates alternative delivery methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pharmacology of intranasal glucagon.
To evaluate the clinical efficacy and application of intranasal glucagon.
To highlight intranasal glucagon as a novel drug delivery system.

Main Methods:

Review of basic and clinical pharmacology studies.
Analysis of intranasal glucagon's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Assessment of clinical trial data on efficacy and safety.

Main Results:

Intranasal glucagon demonstrates effective absorption and efficacy in raising blood glucose.
The nasal route offers a non-invasive and potentially faster administration.
Patient acceptability and ease of use are improved compared to injections.

Conclusions:

Intranasal glucagon presents a viable, convenient, and effective alternative to injectable formulations.
This novel delivery system enhances accessibility and patient compliance for emergency hypoglycemia treatment.
Further clinical integration of intranasal glucagon is warranted for widespread adoption.