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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy
Published on: November 29, 2018
Breast Cancer Heterogeneity in Primary and Metastatic Disease
Lauren Kalinowski1,2, Jodi M Saunus3, Amy E McCart Reed1
1Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.
Abstract:
Breast cancer encompasses a heterogeneous collection of neoplasms with diverse morphologies, molecular phenotypes, responses to therapy, probabilities of relapse and overall survival. Traditional histopathological classification aims to categorise tumours into subgroups to inform clinical management decisions, but the diversity within these subgroups remains considerable. Application of massively parallel sequencing technologies in breast cancer research has revealed the true depth of variability in terms of the genetic, phenotypic, cellular and microenvironmental constitution of individual tumours, with the realisation that each tumour is exquisitely unique. This poses great challenges in predicting the development of drug resistance, and treating metastatic disease. Central to achieving fully personalised clinical management is translating new insights on breast cancer heterogeneity into the clinical setting, to evolve the taxonomy of breast cancer and improve risk stratification.
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