Causes of reporting bias: a theoretical framework

Area of Science:

• Research Integrity
• Scientific Publishing
• Biostatistics

Background:

• Selective reporting of research findings compromises the integrity of the scientific literature.
• Understanding the causes of reporting bias is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a theoretical framework detailing the causal pathways leading to selective reporting bias.
• To guide future research and raise awareness among researchers and research consumers regarding reporting bias.

Main Methods:

• Development of a theoretical framework based on a systematic review of selective reporting determinants.
• Classification of causal factors into necessary and component causes.

Main Results:

• Identified four clusters of causes: motivations (necessary), means (necessary), conflicts of interest (component), and societal/scientific pressures (component).
• Motivations and means, when present together, are sufficient causes for reporting bias.
• Component causes can modify the effect of necessary causes or act as mediators.

Conclusions:

• The proposed framework provides a structured understanding of reporting bias.
• Highlights the interplay between individual/team factors and external pressures in driving biased reporting.
• Emphasizes the need for awareness and further research to combat reporting bias effectively.