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Judging Truth.

Nadia M Brashier1, Elizabeth J Marsh2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;

Annual Review of Psychology
|September 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People judge truth based on base rates, feelings, and memory consistency. Understanding these cognitive biases is crucial for navigating misinformation in a post-truth era.

Keywords:
fluencyillusory truthinferenceknowledgesourcetruth bias

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Information Science

Background:

  • Deceptive claims are prevalent in various forms, including fake news, advertisements, and political propaganda.
  • Assessing the veracity of information is a fundamental cognitive process.
  • The proliferation of misinformation necessitates an understanding of how individuals determine truth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying human truth judgments.
  • To present a framework explaining how individuals infer truthfulness from available cues.
  • To identify factors contributing to susceptibility to misinformation and potential correction strategies.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a theoretical framework for truth judgments.
  • It analyzes cognitive biases, including the acceptance bias and the influence of processing fluency.
  • It examines the role of memory retrieval and consistency checking in evaluating claims.

Main Results:

  • Truth judgments are influenced by three primary information types: base rates, feelings (e.g., ease of processing), and memory consistency.
  • A bias to accept information exists due to the general prevalence of truth.
  • Illusory truth effects and "truthiness" can arise from these cognitive processes.

Conclusions:

  • A three-part framework explains how people make truth judgments and fall prey to illusions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform strategies to correct misconceptions.
  • Converging evidence from multiple cues is vital for discerning truth in an information-saturated world.