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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

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Divide and Conquer.

Michael J Beran1, Andrew J Kelly2, Bonnie M Perdue3

  • 1Department of Psychology and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Experimental Psychology
|September 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preschool children can identify and assign difficult tasks to a symbolic helper, demonstrating early metacognitive abilities. This indicates young children can monitor task difficulty and seek assistance non-verbally.

Keywords:
childrencognitive controlmetacognitionrequesting helpuncertainty monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Preschool children's understanding of task difficulty and help-seeking behaviors are crucial for academic success.
  • Metacognition, the ability to think about one's own thinking, is developing during early childhood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether preschool children can assign difficult tasks to a symbolic helper.
  • To explore if children can generalize this ability across different types of tasks.
  • To examine the role of age in this task-assignment ability.

Main Methods:

  • Children were trained to use a symbolic helper for memory tasks.
  • Children then assigned stimuli within various tasks (memory, counting, object identification, word reading) to themselves or the helper.
  • Task difficulty was objectively defined, and assignment patterns were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Children consistently assigned more difficult stimuli to the symbolic helper across most tasks.
  • This pattern was observed even when not explicitly instructed to do so.
  • Older children showed a more pronounced ability to assign difficult stimuli to the helper.

Conclusions:

  • Preschool children exhibit a nascent form of metacognition, enabling them to assess task difficulty.
  • They can utilize a generalized, non-verbal tool to seek assistance for challenging tasks.
  • These findings suggest an early understanding of cognitive monitoring and strategic help-seeking.