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Related Concept Videos

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Probing Ground-State Phase Transitions through Quench Dynamics.

Paraj Titum1,2, Joseph T Iosue1,3, James R Garrison1,2

  • 1Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 2, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers can now probe quantum phase transitions using quench dynamics in cold atom systems. This method reveals a dynamical critical point, offering a new way to locate quantum critical points in integrable and nearly integrable models.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Cold atom experiments

Background:

  • Studying quantum phase transitions (QPTs) typically requires preparing many-body systems near their ground state, which is experimentally challenging.
  • Measuring quench dynamics is a routine technique in cold atom platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate that quench dynamics can probe essential features of QPTs in integrable and nearly integrable systems.
  • To introduce a finite-time scaling method for locating dynamical critical points.

Main Methods:

  • Global quench dynamics simulation in a transverse-field Ising model (short-range and long-range interactions).
  • Analysis of short-range correlators to identify nonanalytic signatures.
  • Finite-time scaling analysis to locate critical points.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a new dynamical critical point in integrable systems with a nonanalytic signature in correlators.
  • The dynamical critical point's location matches the quantum critical point in integrable models.
  • Extension of the scaling picture to systems near integrability, showing a detectable dynamical critical point at prethermal timescales.
  • Quantification of the difference between dynamical and quantum critical points near integrability.

Conclusions:

  • Quench dynamics can be used to probe QPTs in integrable and nearly integrable systems.
  • The finite-time scaling method provides an experimental route to locate quantum critical points, even in near-integrable systems.
  • The findings are testable in current cold atom experiments, such as those with trapped ions and Rydberg atoms.