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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers
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Upper body kinematic differences between maximum front crawl and backstroke swimming.

Tomohiro Gonjo1, Ricardo J Fernandes2, João Paulo Vilas-Boas2

  • 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

Journal of Biomechanics
|November 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Front crawl is faster than backstroke due to a higher stroke frequency. This is achieved through shorter release and recovery phases in the front crawl swimming stroke.

Keywords:
Alternating strokesAquatic locomotionMotion analysisPerformanceStroke frequencyStroke length

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Swimming Performance

Background:

  • Front crawl is a widely used swimming stroke known for its speed.
  • Understanding the kinematic differences between front crawl and backstroke can optimize training and technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kinematic factors contributing to the higher velocity of front crawl compared to backstroke.
  • To analyze differences in stroke length, stroke frequency, and body roll between the two strokes.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of one upper-limb cycle.
  • Data collected from ten competitive male swimmers during maximal speed 50m front crawl and backstroke trials.
  • Analysis of center of mass velocity, stroke length, stroke frequency, and joint angles.

Main Results:

  • Front crawl exhibited significantly higher center of mass velocity and stroke frequency than backstroke.
  • Stroke length was not significantly different between the two strokes.
  • Front crawl featured a larger shoulder roll and smaller hip roll, with shorter absolute release and relative recovery phase durations.

Conclusions:

  • Front crawl's superior speed is primarily attributed to its higher stroke frequency.
  • Shorter release and recovery phases in front crawl contribute to increased stroke frequency and overall velocity.
  • Kinematic analysis provides valuable insights into optimizing swimming technique for speed.