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Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

Autophagic Cell Death

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes.
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 21, 2017

Autophagy and Immune Tolerance.

Yao-Xing Wu¹, Shou-Heng Jin¹, Jun Cui²

¹MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|November 29, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Selective autophagy, a process of targeted cellular degradation, plays a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance by regulating both adaptive and innate immune responses.

Keywords:

Autophagy Immune tolerance Regulation Selective autophagic degradation

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Last Updated: Jan 3, 2026

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In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

The immune system requires strict control to maintain homeostasis and prevent self-attack.
Immune tolerance, a state of non-response, is essential for preventing autoimmune diseases.
Macroautophagy (autophagy) has been implicated in T and B cell-mediated immune tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the specific mechanisms by which autophagy regulates adaptive and innate immune tolerance.
To highlight the role of selective autophagy in controlling immune responses.

Main Methods:

Review of recent research on autophagy and immune tolerance.
Focus on selective autophagy's role in targeting immune cell receptors and effectors.

Main Results:

Autophagy is involved in nonselective degradation and selective cargo sorting/transport via receptors.
Selective autophagy effectively regulates immune tolerance by targeting key immune components.
This process prevents over-activation of immune responses.

Conclusions:

Selective autophagy is a critical regulator of both adaptive and innate immune tolerance.
Understanding selective autophagy's role offers insights into preventing excessive immune activation and autoimmune conditions.