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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Motility-Induced Temperature Difference in Coexisting Phases.

Suvendu Mandal1, Benno Liebchen1,2, Hartmut Löwen1

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This summary is machine-generated.

Active particles can create self-sustained temperature gradients between coexisting phases, a phenomenon beyond equilibrium physics. This "hot-cold coexistence" requires accounting for particle inertia, unlike previous studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter

Background:

  • In thermodynamic equilibrium, coexisting phases share the same temperature.
  • Previous studies on active particles often used overdamped models, neglecting inertia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of self-organized temperature gradients in active particle systems.
  • To explore the role of inertia in active phase coexistence.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of active self-propelled particles incorporating inertia.
  • Analysis of phase coexistence and temperature profiles.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated self-organization of two coexisting phases with different kinetic temperatures.
  • Identified "hot-cold coexistence" as dependent on particle inertia.
  • Observed a sharp, persistent temperature gradient between phases.
  • Characterized a slow coarsening law with a sub-universal exponent.

Conclusions:

  • Active particles can generate self-sustained temperature gradients, defying equilibrium principles.
  • Inertia is crucial for achieving "hot-cold coexistence" in active matter systems.
  • This finding opens avenues for creating non-equilibrium temperature gradients using active particles.