Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

1.4K
In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
1.4K
Design Example01:23

Design Example

486
The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
486
Source Transformation for AC Circuits01:11

Source Transformation for AC Circuits

985
The process of source transformation in the frequency domain entails the conversion of a voltage source, positioned in series with an impedance, into a current source that is parallel to an impedance, or the other way around. It is essential to maintain the following relationships while transitioning from one source type to another.
985
Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

6.4K
The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
6.4K
Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers01:23

Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers

1.0K
In small-signal analysis, a MOSFET transistor amplifier acts as a linear amplifier when operating in its saturation region. The gate-to-source voltage (VGS) of the MOSFET is the sum of the DC biasing voltage and the small time-varying input signal. This combination sets up the operating point and modulates the drain current (ID) that flows from the drain to the source. When a small AC signal is superimposed on the DC bias voltage at the gate, the instantaneous drain current comprises three...
1.0K
Generation of Three-Phase Voltage01:21

Generation of Three-Phase Voltage

673
A three-phase AC generator has a rotor with a rotating magnet placed within the stator mounted with the stationary three-phase winding to generate three-phase voltages via mutual induction. These windings are evenly distributed around the inner circumference of the stator and are arranged 120 electrical degrees apart. Three-phase stator windings consist of three separate coils or groups of coils, known as phases, each connected in Y (star) configuration or Delta configuration.
As the rotor...
673

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Design of electronically tunable fractional-order elements based on distributed MOS transistor structures.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Versatile Dual-Gate 2D Transistor for Logic-in-Memory and Neuromodulation Applications.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

Design, synthesis and simulation of fractional-order element using MOS transistors as distributed resistive capacitive devices.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Survey on 5G Physical Layer Security Threats and Countermeasures.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2024
Same author

Measurement and Analysis of 4G/5G Mobile Signal Coverage in a Heavy Industry Environment.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2024
Same author

Various-Order Low-Pass Filter with the Electronic Change of Its Approximation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies
09:38

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Published on: January 3, 2018

7.5K

Design of Signal Generators Using Active Elements Developed in I3T25 CMOS Technology Single IC Package for

Roman Sotner1, Jan Jerabek2, Ladislav Polak1

  • 1Department of Radio Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3082/12, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new integrated circuit (IC) for adjustable wave generators. These generators can precisely measure light intensity in agriculture applications by converting illuminance to frequency.

Keywords:
CMOS active elementcomparatorelectronic adjustingfrequency tunabilityfunctional generatorilluminance sensingintegratorsquare and triangular waves

More Related Videos

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
12:08

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

Published on: July 18, 2015

11.0K
Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
15:25

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

6.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies
09:38

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Published on: January 3, 2018

7.5K
Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
12:08

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

Published on: July 18, 2015

11.0K
Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
15:25

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

6.5K

Area of Science:

  • Electronics
  • Sensor Technology
  • Integrated Circuits

Background:

  • Traditional wave generators often lack tunability and integration.
  • Accurate illuminance sensing is crucial for agricultural applications.
  • Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology offers low-power integrated solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate a compact, adjustable triangular and square wave functional generator on a single integrated circuit (IC).
  • To enable simple conversion of illuminance to frequency for agricultural sensing.
  • To achieve electronically tunable frequency with linear adjustability.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of fundamental wave generator cells on a single IC package.
  • Utilizing DC bias current for electronic frequency tuning.
  • Employing DC driving voltage for Schmitt trigger threshold adjustment.
  • Leveraging CMOS process for output level control.

Main Results:

  • Achieved electronically tunable repeating frequency in the range of 17 to 264 kHz.
  • Demonstrated linear adjustability of frequency via DC bias current.
  • Verified usability for illuminance sensing from 1 to 500 lx.
  • Observed frequency shifts between 70 and 154 kHz corresponding to illuminance changes, with up to 10% error.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed integrated wave generator design is compact, simple, and effective.
  • The device enables accurate illuminance measurement for agriculture applications.
  • Electronic tunability and CMOS compatibility make it suitable for various sensing tasks.