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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
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Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
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Effects of Chemicals: Overview01:27

Effects of Chemicals: Overview

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Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

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Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
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Molecular Events Behind Adverse Effects.

Shan Sun1,2, Feng Wang3,4

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy can cause severe side effects called immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This review explores how gut microbiota and T cells influence irAEs, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract.

Keywords:
Intestinal T cellsIrAEsMicrobiotaT cell homingT cell metabolism

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High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents HPHC
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a key cancer treatment but can cause severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) by disrupting immune homeostasis.
  • Gastrointestinal irAEs are common and can be life-threatening, necessitating a deeper understanding of their mechanisms.
  • The role of gut microbiota in ICB response is recognized, but its specific function in irAE development is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of microbiota's role in ICB-induced immune-related adverse events.
  • To elucidate the interaction between gut microbiota and intestinal regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in the context of irAEs.
  • To discuss the potential of targeting gut-trafficking pathways in managing ICB-related toxicities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on immunology, oncology, and microbiology.
  • Analysis of existing evidence on gut microbiota, T cell subsets (Th17, Treg), and immune homeostasis.
  • Exploration of mechanisms underlying T cell homing and tissue residency in inflammation.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbiota significantly influences the immune response to ICB therapy.
  • Intestinal Treg cells, modulated by microbiota, play a critical role in maintaining gut immune tolerance and preventing irAEs.
  • T cell trafficking to inflamed tissues is a key factor in irAE pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between gut microbiota and intestinal Treg cells is crucial for managing ICB-induced irAEs.
  • Targeting microbiota-T cell interactions and T cell trafficking may offer novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate irAEs.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can improve the safety and efficacy of ICB therapy.