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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis

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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
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Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion01:08

Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion

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Exocrine glands are those that release their secretions through ducts. Based on their mode of secretion, they can be classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Merocrine Secretion
Merocrine secretion is the most common type of exocrine secretion. The secretions are enclosed in vesicles and moved to the cell's apical surface, where the contents are released by exocytosis. For example, mucous, a watery secretion rich in the glycoprotein mucin, is a merocrine secretion. The eccrine...
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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
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Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes

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Exosome and Secretion: Action On?

Ye Hu1,2, Rui Zhang3,4, Gang Chen5

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200093, China. huye327@gmail.com.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles called exosomes, once thought to be waste, are key in cell communication and cancer progression. Targeting these exosomes may offer new cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Exosomal PD-L1Soluble immune checkpoint receptorsTumor-derived exosomemiRNA

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Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
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Preparation of Exosomes for siRNA Delivery to Cancer Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, are increasingly recognized for their functional roles beyond cellular waste.
  • Exosomes secreted by various cells, including tumor cells, reflect the donor cell's status and the tumor microenvironment.
  • These vesicles are critical for intercellular communication and can promote immune suppression and cancer progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted functions of exosomes in cell-to-cell communication.
  • To investigate the role of exosomes in immune response modulation and cancer microenvironment modification.
  • To evaluate the potential of targeting pro-tumorous exosomes for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on exosome biogenesis, secretion, and function.
  • Analysis of exosomal contents, including immune checkpoints like PD-L1.
  • Exploration of exosome-mediated immune suppression and their association with therapeutic antibody efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes are actively involved in intercellular exchange, influencing immune responses and fostering pro-cancerous environments.
  • Exosomal immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), contribute to immunosuppression and impact anti-PD-1 therapy.
  • Soluble immune checkpoint receptors within exosomes affect the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting pro-tumorous exosomes presents a promising supplementary strategy to existing cancer therapies.
  • The natural liposome-like structure of exosomes makes them a potential platform for drug delivery.