Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

15.6K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
15.6K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

2.0K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
2.0K
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

3.8K
All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
3.8K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.5K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.5K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

14.4K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
14.4K
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

2.7K
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Power and sample-size estimation in human microbiome research.

Med (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Demographic differences in emotional intelligence and facet-level associations with interpersonal relationships among university teachers in Shandong private universities.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same author

A practical guide to experimental design and power analysis for metaproteomics studies.

Molecular omics·2026
Same author

Systematic metaproteomics mapping reveals functional and ecological landscapes of Ex vivo human gut microbiota responses to therapeutic drugs.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Metaproteomics Reveals Community Coalescence Outcomes in Co-Cultured Human Gut Microbiota.

Proteomics·2025
Same author

M2 macrophages promote IL-10<sup>+</sup>B-cell production and alleviate asthma in mice.

Immunotherapy advances·2025
Same journal

Mammalian Respiratory Chain Complex Assemblies and Their Links to Mitochondria Stress-Induced Human Diseases.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Enzyme Assemblies in Nucleotide Metabolism: Structure, Regulation, and Disease Implications.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: A 90-Year-Old Enigma Shaping the Future of Structural Enzymology.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Regulation of the Anti-termination RNA Transcription Complex by Lon-Mediated Lambda N Degradation.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

PCNA Macromolecular Complexes: PCNA Serves as a Molecular Hub Regulating Multiple Cellular Processes Inside and Outside of the Nucleus.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Dynamic Assemblies in Genome Maintenance.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

10.2K

Regulatory B Cells.

Luman Wang1, Ying Fu1, Yiwei Chu2

  • 1Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd, 226, Shanghai, 200032, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|April 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory B (Breg) cells are key immune suppressors that expand in inflammatory diseases. This chapter details Breg cell discovery, function, and therapeutic potential for immune modulation.

Keywords:
DiseasesIL-10Regulatory B cells

More Related Videos

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
09:27

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Published on: May 30, 2013

11.6K
Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells
14:23

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

24.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

10.2K
New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
09:27

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Published on: May 30, 2013

11.6K
Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells
14:23

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

24.7K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • B cells are known for antibody production and antigen presentation.
  • Regulatory B (Breg) cells are crucial for immune system modulation and inflammation suppression.
  • Breg cell populations increase significantly in chronic inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, infection, transplantation, and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of regulatory B cells.
  • To detail the discovery, phenotypes, differentiation, and function of Breg cells.
  • To explore the contribution of Breg cells to disease pathogenesis and their therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Breg cells.
  • Analysis of Breg cell phenotypes and differentiation pathways.
  • Examination of Breg cell-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Breg cells can arise from almost all B cell subsets, with unique subsets like B10 and Tim-1+ B cells identified.
  • Immunoregulation by Breg cells involves cytokine production (e.g., IL-10, TGF-β), direct cell-cell interactions, and microenvironment alteration.
  • Breg cell expansion is observed in various pathological conditions, highlighting their role in disease.

Conclusions:

  • Breg cells represent a significant modulatory component of the immune system.
  • Understanding Breg cell biology is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research into Breg cell function and therapeutic potential is warranted.