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Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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PolySTRAND Model of Flow-Induced Nucleation in Polymers.

Daniel J Read1, Claire McIlroy2,3, Chinmay Das1

  • 1School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed polySTRAND, a thermodynamic model for flow-induced polymer nucleation. It accurately predicts how processing parameters like flow rate influence nucleation dynamics in polydisperse systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer science
  • Materials science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Flow-induced nucleation is critical in polymer processing.
  • Existing models struggle with polydisperse systems and complex flow dynamics.
  • Understanding nucleation mechanisms is key to controlling polymer morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a thermodynamic continuum-level model for flow-induced nucleation in polymers.
  • To enable accurate computational process modeling of polymer crystallization.
  • To account for molecular origins and dynamics in polydisperse systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the polySTRAND thermodynamic continuum model.
  • Incorporated molecular origins to capture flow and nucleation dynamics.
  • Modeled effects of processing parameters: flow rate, temperature, and molecular weight distribution.

Main Results:

  • The polySTRAND model accurately captures variations with key processing parameters.
  • Under strong flow, longer polymer chains are over-represented in the nucleus.
  • Demonstrated superexponential nucleation rate growth with increasing shear rate, matching experimental observations.

Conclusions:

  • PolySTRAND provides a robust framework for modeling flow-induced nucleation in polydisperse polymers.
  • The model's molecular basis allows for accurate prediction of nucleation behavior under various processing conditions.
  • Findings highlight the significant role of chain length distribution in flow-induced nucleation dynamics.