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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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Elbow Dislocation.

Nima Rezaie1, Sunny Gupta1, Benjamin C Service1

  • 1Orlando Health, 1222 South Orange Street, Orlando, FL 32806, USA.

Clinics in Sports Medicine
|May 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This overview discusses updated treatment and rehabilitation for elbow dislocations, aiming to improve stability and prevent long-term stiffness in athletes. Advances focus on optimizing patient outcomes in sports medicine.

Keywords:
Chronic dislocationComplex elbow dislocationPosterolateral instabilityPosteromedial instabilitySimple elbow dislocation

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Elbow dislocations are common injuries in sports medicine.
  • Maintaining elbow stability while preventing stiffness is a key challenge.
  • Current treatment and rehabilitation protocols require frequent updates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a brief overview of elbow dislocations.
  • To highlight recent advances in treatment protocols.
  • To discuss updated rehabilitation strategies for optimal patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on elbow dislocations.
  • Analysis of updated surgical and non-surgical treatment approaches.
  • Examination of current rehabilitation techniques and protocols.

Main Results:

  • Advances in surgical techniques improve elbow stability.
  • Newer rehabilitation protocols aim to reduce long-term stiffness.
  • Focus on early, progressive range of motion is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal management of elbow dislocations requires updated treatment and rehabilitation.
  • Balancing stability and mobility is key for successful recovery.
  • Continued research is needed to refine protocols for athletes.