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A system's total angular momentum remains constant if the net external torque acting on the system is zero. Considering a system that consists of n tiny particles, the angular momentum of any tiny particle may change, but the system's total angular momentum would remain constant. The principle of conservation of angular momentum only considers the net external torque acting on the system. While there are internal forces exerted by different particles within the system that also produce...
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Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence
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Angular Momentum in Rotating Superfluid Droplets.

Sean M O O'Connell1, Rico Mayro P Tanyag1,2, Deepak Verma1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantized vortices and capillary waves drive angular momentum in rotating superfluid helium-4 droplets. Ultrafast X-ray diffraction revealed how these elements influence droplet shape and vortex arrangement.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Superfluid droplets exhibit complex dynamics influenced by quantized vortices and capillary waves.
  • Understanding the interplay between these phenomena is crucial for characterizing superfluid behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the angular momentum of rotating superfluid helium-4 droplets.
  • To explore the relationship between quantized vortices, capillary waves, and droplet morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ultrafast X-ray diffraction with a free electron laser to study submicrometer superfluid 4He droplets.
  • Analyzed diffraction patterns to simultaneously determine droplet morphology and vortex structure.
  • Performed density functional theory calculations for theoretical validation.

Main Results:

  • Observed distinct vortex lattice arrangements in capsule-shaped (distorted triangular) and ellipsoidal (elliptical contours) droplets.
  • Demonstrated that the combined effects of vortices and capillary waves lead to droplet shapes resembling classical rotating droplets.
  • Corroborated experimental findings with theoretical models of rotating superfluid cylinders.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between quantized vortices and capillary waves dictates the shape and internal dynamics of rotating superfluid droplets.
  • Ultrafast X-ray diffraction is a powerful tool for probing the complex physics of quantum fluids at the nanoscale.
  • Findings provide insights into the fundamental properties of superfluids and their potential applications.