Bone Marrow Edema, Clinical Significance, and Treatment Options: A Review

Area of Science:

• Orthopedics
• Radiology
• Pathology

Background:

• Bone marrow edema (BME) is identified by high-signal intensity on MRI fluid-sensitive sequences.
• BME is associated with diverse underlying pathologies.
• It signifies impaired subchondral bone remodeling due to joint forces and reduced healing capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the known causes of BME.
• To explore theories on BME-related histopathological changes.
• To summarize current and novel treatment strategies for BME.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on bone marrow edema.
• Analysis of histopathological theories.
• Compilation of current and emerging treatment options.

Main Results:

• BME is a significant prognostic factor for pain, dysfunction, and cartilage damage.
• Subchondral bone remodeling is often compromised in the presence of BME.
• A range of pathologies can cause BME, requiring tailored management.

Conclusions:

• Understanding BME's causes and effects is crucial for patient outcomes.
• Current treatments address symptoms and underlying causes.
• Novel biologic and surgical options offer potential advancements in managing BME.