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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Optical Communications
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Diode lasers are crucial for high-speed optical interconnects.
    • Modulation nonlinearity in lasers causes signal distortion.
    • Accurate characterization of nonlinearity is essential for performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate cross-correlation-enabled behavioral modeling for diode laser nonlinearity.
    • To validate the effectiveness of Volterra series with cross-correlation for kernel calculation.
    • To provide guidance for mitigating nonlinear distortion in optical systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Volterra series for nonlinearity characterization.
    • Calculated Volterra kernels using the cross-correlation method.
    • Validated the behavioral modeling approach through simulation and experimental data.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully fitted large-signal responses for 100-Gb/s PAM-4 signals (simulation) and 50-Gb/s PAM-4 signals (experiment).
    • Demonstrated that eye skew and amplitude nonlinearity can be modeled as second-order nonlinear distortion.
    • Validated the accuracy and effectiveness of the cross-correlation-based behavioral modeling technique.

    Conclusions:

    • Cross-correlation-enabled behavioral modeling is effective for characterizing diode laser nonlinearity.
    • The method accurately emulates signal distortions, including eye skew and amplitude nonlinearity.
    • Findings offer practical guidance for nonlinear distortion mitigation in high-speed optical interconnects.