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Related Concept Videos

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

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Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
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Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation01:30

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Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often...
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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Trait and State Self-Esteem02:08

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The term self-esteem is often used generically, to refer to how people feel about themselves. However, according to research, there are three distinct constructs that should not be used interchangeably (Brown & Marshall, 2006). 
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Strategies of Self-Presentation II: Self-Verification01:17

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Self-verification is a fundamental psychological drive wherein individuals seek affirmation of their self-concept from others, striving for consistency between their internal self-view and external perceptions. This drive operates even when the self-concept is negative, influencing interpersonal behavior and feedback preferences in complex and often counterintuitive ways. Unlike the self-enhancement motive, which seeks positive evaluations, self-verification prioritizes coherence and...
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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Bifactor Model Is Not the Best-Fitting Model for Self-Esteem: Investigation With a Novel Technique.

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This study reveals that self-esteem measurement is not uniform. Factor mixture modeling identified two distinct groups, impacting how self-esteem

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological Measurement
  • Quantitative Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Previous self-esteem research often assumes respondent homogeneity.
  • The validity of this assumption in self-esteem measurement has been inadequately tested.
  • Understanding population heterogeneity is crucial for accurate psychometric assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the assumption of qualitative similarity among respondents in self-esteem measurement.
  • To investigate the dimensionality of self-esteem across different respondent classes.
  • To determine if self-esteem's structure varies based on an individual's trait level.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized factor mixture modeling to analyze self-esteem response patterns.
  • Compared a two-class solution against one-class, two-factor, and bifactor models.
  • Included Mplus syntax and detailed explanations for replicability.

Main Results:

  • Identified two distinct classes of respondents with differing response consistency to positive self-esteem items.
  • Self-esteem was found to be unidimensional in one class and bidimensional in the other.
  • Respondent class membership was associated with self-esteem level (high vs. low).

Conclusions:

  • The dimensionality of self-esteem is contingent upon an individual's level of the trait.
  • A two-class solution demonstrated superior fit compared to alternative models.
  • Psychometric research must acknowledge and investigate qualitatively distinct subgroups within populations.