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Testing the Nonlinearity Assumption Underlying the Use of Reverse-Keyed Items: A Logical Response Perspective.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Quantitative Psychology
  • Survey Methodology

Background:

  • Researchers commonly assume a linear relationship between regular- and reverse-keyed survey items.
  • This assumption implies responses on one item type perfectly mirror the other.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the assumed linear relationship between regular- and reverse-keyed items.
  • To propose and demonstrate a nonlinear relationship model.
  • To investigate the impact of item characteristics on this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of four datasets (N = 50,544) including human height, job satisfaction, affect, and self-esteem.
  • Comparison of linear and nonlinear models to explain item variance.
  • Examination of moderation effects by item characteristics like extremity and softening.

Main Results:

  • A nonlinear model consistently explained additional variance beyond a linear model across all datasets.
  • Item characteristics, such as extremity and softening, moderated the nonlinear relationship.
  • Mismodeling this relationship can lead to the false conclusion of construct bidimensionality.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between regular- and reverse-keyed items is often nonlinear, not linear.
  • Accounting for nonlinearity improves construct measurement accuracy.
  • User-friendly syntax is provided to facilitate the analysis of this nonlinear relationship.