Efficient actuation design for optomechanical sensors

For any nanomechanical device intended for sensing applications, actuation is an important consideration. Many different actuation mechanisms have been used, including self-oscillation, piezoelectric shakers, capacitive excitation, and optically pumping via the optical gradient force. Despite the relatively frequent use of optical pumping, the limits of optical actuation with a pump laser have not been fully explored. We provide a practical framework for designing optical cavities and optomechanical systems to maximize the efficiency of the optical pumping technique. The effects of coherent backscattering on detection and actuation are included. We verify our results experimentally and show good agreement between the model and experiment. Our model for efficient actuation will be a useful resource for the future design of optomechanical cavities for sensor and other high-amplitude applications.