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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Serotonin Receptor Agonists01:23

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Serotonin, a crucial neurotransmitter synthesized by enterochromaffin cells, plays a cardinal role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility. With over 90% of the body's total serotonin in the GI tract, its influence on digestive processes is profound. Serotonin is swiftly released upon various stimuli, such as food boluses or certain drugs, triggering intrinsic sensory neurons in the myenteric plexus and extrinsic vagal and spinal sensory neurons. This leads to the activation of the...
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Diarrhea is characterized by the occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements. Various factors can trigger diarrhea, including viral or bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, side effects from certain medications, and underlying digestive disorders. If not adequately managed, diarrhea can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and nutrient deficiencies. Severe diarrhea can lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition, and weakened immune function.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Electroceuticals in the Gastrointestinal Tract.

Khalil B Ramadi1, Shriya S Srinivasan1, Giovanni Traverso1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

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Electroceuticals offer a novel therapeutic approach for gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Future therapies will be minimally invasive, targeting the GI tract and its neural pathways for improved treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Electroceuticals represent a rapidly advancing therapeutic field.
  • The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a promising target due to its complex neural, endocrine, and immune interactions.
  • Existing treatments for GI disorders often have limitations, driving the need for innovative solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in electroceutical therapies for the gastrointestinal tract.
  • To explore the application of electrical stimulation in various GI segments and associated nerves.
  • To outline future directions for GI electroceuticals, integrating physiological understanding with new technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on electrical stimulation techniques applied to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
  • Analysis of studies involving electrical stimulation of nerves projecting to the GIT.
  • Examination of therapeutic outcomes for dysmotility, inflammatory, hormonal, and neurologic GI disorders.

Main Results:

  • Electrical stimulation has shown variable success in treating a range of GI disorders.
  • Specific applications include modulating gut motility, inflammation, and hormonal signaling.
  • Advances in understanding GI physiology and ingestible technologies are paving the way for new treatments.

Conclusions:

  • GI electroceuticals hold significant therapeutic potential.
  • Future electroceutical therapies are expected to be minimally invasive and highly targeted.
  • These advanced therapies will become a crucial part of the clinical management of gastrointestinal diseases.