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Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

Published on: January 13, 2023

3D Printing Materials for Soft Robotics.

Ela Sachyani Keneth¹, Alexander Kamyshny¹, Massimo Totaro²

¹Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|November 9, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

3D printing enables the creation of advanced soft robotics using novel materials like hydrogels and shape memory polymers. This technology facilitates the development of complex, all-printed robots with embedded electronics for diverse applications.

Keywords:

3D printing actuators self-healing shape memory polymers soft robotics

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Last Updated: Dec 1, 2025

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Soft robotics utilizes compliant materials, mimicking biological organisms, for applications like grippers and actuators.
3D printing offers a powerful method for fabricating intricate soft robotic structures from digital designs.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in materials for 3D printed soft robotics.
To survey the fabrication of fully printed robots, including multi-material printing and embedded electronics.
To identify current challenges and ongoing research in 3D printed soft robotics.

Main Methods:

Summarization of recent developments in flexible, stretchable, hydrogel, self-healing, and shape memory polymer materials.
Review of fabrication techniques for all-printed robots, encompassing multi-material printing and integrated electronics.
Survey of research addressing current limitations in materials and printing capabilities.

Main Results:

Identification of high-performance materials suitable for 3D printing soft robots.
Demonstration of progress in creating untethered and autonomous all-printed robots.
Highlighting of ongoing efforts to overcome fabrication challenges.

Conclusions:

3D printing is revolutionizing soft robotics by enabling complex designs and advanced material integration.
Continued research into materials and printing technologies is crucial for realizing the full potential of soft robotics.
The field is progressing towards more sophisticated, autonomous, and integrated soft robotic systems.