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Related Experiment Video

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Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
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Performance of ground-level signal detection when using a phone while walking.

Eunjee Kim1, Hyorim Kim1, Yujin Kwon1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.

Accident; Analysis and Prevention
|December 28, 2020
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Summary

Smartphone use while walking significantly impairs pedestrian safety, reducing detection of ground-level cues by 17-20% and increasing reaction time. This highlights risks associated with distracted walking and ground-based signals.

Keywords:
AttentionDistractionIn-ground traffic lightPedestrianTexting

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Traffic Safety
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Smartphone-related pedestrian accidents are a growing concern.
  • Ground-level visual cues are a recent safety measure for distracted pedestrians.
  • Quantitative data on distracted pedestrian detection performance is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate smartphone users' detection performance of ground-level visual cues while walking.
  • To compare detection rates and reaction times under different smartphone usage conditions (browsing vs. texting).
  • To assess the impact of cue location on detection during distracted walking.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory experiment with 38 young adults walking on a treadmill.
  • Three conditions: normal walking, one-handed smartphone browsing, two-handed smartphone texting.
  • Ground-level visual cues projected from above; participants responded verbally.

Main Results:

  • Smartphone use significantly decreased cue detection rate (93.5% to 76.3-74.1%) and increased reaction time (0.90s to 1.04-1.15s).
  • Texting while walking showed the most significant performance decline.
  • Closer cues were detected more effectively than distant cues.

Conclusions:

  • Ground-level signals may be inadequately detected by smartphone users, especially during demanding tasks like texting.
  • Current ground-level safety measures may be insufficient for highly distracted pedestrians.
  • Future research should investigate situation awareness in more realistic environments and varied usage scenarios.