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Related Concept Videos

Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Voltmeter01:18

Voltmeter

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A voltmeter is an electrical device that measures the potential difference or voltage between two points. It is connected in parallel with the circuit element it is measuring. A parallel connection is used because elements in parallel experience the same potential difference. The voltmeter is represented by the symbol "V ".
An ideal voltmeter would have infinite resistance, so connecting it between two points in a circuit would not alter any of the currents. Real voltmeters always have...
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Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors
09:57

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Published on: February 4, 2016

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Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators.

Irene Mollinedo-Gajate1, Chenchen Song1, Thomas Knöpfel2

  • 1Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Dynamics, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|January 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optogenetics uses light to control and monitor cells. Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are key tools for optical imaging of cellular activity, with ongoing advancements in imaging technologies.

Keywords:
Action potentialBrainFluorescent proteinFörster resonance energy transferGenetically encoded voltage indicatorsHeartNeuronal circuits

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Last Updated: Nov 23, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biotechnology
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Optogenetics enables precise control and monitoring of cellular functions using light.
  • The optogenetic toolbox includes tools for cellular process interference and event monitoring.
  • Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are crucial for optical monitoring of cellular electrical activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the development and current state of optical GEVI imaging technologies.
  • To discuss the prospects of emerging optical GEVI imaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) for optical imaging.
  • Leveraging optogenetic tools for specific cell population targeting.
  • Integrating light-based interfaces with biological systems and hardware.

Main Results:

  • GEVI technologies have advanced significantly, offering new possibilities for cellular monitoring.
  • Optical imaging using GEVIs provides a powerful method for observing dynamic cellular events.
  • The integration of optogenetics and GEVI imaging enhances our ability to study biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • Optical GEVI imaging is a rapidly developing field with significant potential.
  • Future advancements promise more sophisticated tools for neuroscience and biotechnology.
  • This technology offers a powerful bridge between biological research and technological application.