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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
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Unlocking Tissue Regenerative Potential by Epigenetic Reprogramming.

Pradeep Reddy1, Sebastian Memczak1, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte1

  • 1The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|January 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic reprogramming of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can restore vision by promoting axon regeneration in aged mice and a glaucoma model. This study highlights the potential for reversing vision loss through cellular reprogramming techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Axon regeneration is crucial for vision restoration but is typically lost in mature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms that inhibit RGC axon regeneration is key to developing therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of epigenetic reprogramming to restore axon regeneration in RGCs.
  • To evaluate the functional recovery of vision following RGC reprogramming in animal models.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4) in RGCs.
  • Assessment of axon regeneration in a glaucoma model and aged mice.
  • Evaluation of visual function restoration.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming successfully induced axon regeneration in RGCs.
  • Restoration of vision was observed in treated glaucoma model and aged mice.
  • The study demonstrates a novel approach to enhance the intrinsic regenerative capacity of RGCs.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming of RGCs offers a promising therapeutic avenue for vision restoration.
  • This approach could potentially reverse vision loss caused by optic nerve damage or neurodegenerative diseases.