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High-Linearity High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Linear-Array Digital Image Sensor Using Time-Domain Feedback.

Juyeong Kim1, Keita Yasutomi2, Keiichiro Kagawa1,2

  • 1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8011, Japan.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel time-of-flight (ToF) digital image sensor achieving high linearity and resolution. The innovative time-domain negative feedback technique enhances ToF measurement accuracy for advanced imaging applications.

Keywords:
CMOS image sensor (CIS)depth sensingindirect ToFshort-pulsetime-of-flight (ToF)

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Imaging Technologies
  • Integrated Circuit Design
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Traditional time-of-flight (ToF) sensors face challenges in linearity and resolution.
  • Existing ToF measurement techniques often struggle with noise and distortion, limiting performance.
  • Analog readout circuits in ToF sensors require stable operating points for accurate measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a high-linearity, high-resolution ToF linear-array digital image sensor.
  • To implement a novel time-domain negative feedback technique for improved ToF sensing.
  • To achieve accurate ToF measurements with a fully digital output.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a coarse ToF measurement loop with a 5-bit digital-to-time converter (DTC) and delayed gating-pulse generator for feedback.
  • Employed a delta-sigma modulation (DSM) loop with time-domain feedback for fine ToF measurement.
  • Leveraged oversampling signal processing inherent in DSM for low distortion and noise reduction.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a maximum nonlinearity error of +0.9%/-0.47% in a prototype ToF sensor.
  • Demonstrated a median resolution of 0.24 mm over a measurement range of 0-1.05 m.
  • The fabricated 0.11 μm CMOS image sensor (CIS) prototype delivered an 11-bit fully digital output.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed time-domain negative feedback technique significantly enhances ToF sensor linearity and range resolution.
  • Delta-sigma modulation effectively minimizes distortion and noise in fine ToF measurements.
  • The developed ToF sensor offers high performance suitable for demanding digital imaging applications.