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Thermodynamic uncertainty relations provide new bounds on entropy production for driven systems. These generalized relations apply to various variables and initial states, aiding thermodynamic inference.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Systems

Background:

  • Thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs) establish fundamental limits on entropy production.
  • Existing TURs are often restricted to specific system types or steady states.
  • Understanding entropy production is crucial for characterizing non-equilibrium processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize thermodynamic uncertainty relations for systems under arbitrary time-dependent driving.
  • To extend these relations beyond currents to other state variables.
  • To provide widely applicable tools for thermodynamic inference in complex systems.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of generalized thermodynamic uncertainty relations.
  • Application to systems with arbitrary initial states and time-dependent protocols.
  • Analysis of the bound's quality using model systems.

Main Results:

  • General form of thermodynamic uncertainty relations derived for time-dependent driving.
  • Extension of TURs to state variables, not just currents.
  • Demonstrated applicability to colloidal particle dynamics and protein unfolding.

Conclusions:

  • Generalized TURs offer robust lower bounds on entropy production.
  • These bounds are applicable to a broader range of non-equilibrium systems.
  • The method requires minimal system-specific information, enhancing its practical utility.