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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Unconventional singlet fission materials.

Tobias Ullrich1, Dominik Munz, Dirk M Guldi

  • 1Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 1-3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. tobias.ullrich@fau.de dirk.guldi@fau.de.

Chemical Society Reviews
|January 26, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Singlet fission (SF) converts one high-energy photon into two lower-energy triplets, boosting solar cell efficiency. This study explores novel SF materials to overcome current limitations and expand applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Photophysical processes
  • Materials science
  • Renewable energy

Background:

  • Singlet fission (SF) is a process where one singlet excitation generates two triplet excitations.
  • SF is crucial for enhancing solar energy conversion efficiency through exciton multiplication.
  • Current limitations in suitable SF chromophores hinder wider application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight uncommon singlet fission scaffolds.
  • To outline strategies for expanding the pool of SF materials.
  • To address the limited availability of efficient SF chromophores.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on singlet fission.
  • Analysis of structural requirements for SF chromophores.
  • Exploration of synthetic strategies for novel SF materials.

Main Results:

  • Identification of promising, underutilized SF scaffolds.
  • Defined criteria for designing new SF chromophores.
  • Proposed pathways for increasing the diversity of SF materials.

Conclusions:

  • Expanding the range of SF materials is essential for realizing their full potential in solar energy and other applications.
  • Focusing on uncommon scaffolds and strategic design can overcome current limitations.
  • Further research into novel SF chromophores will drive innovation in optoelectronic devices.