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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
Published on: August 4, 2021
Definition and Multiple Factors of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Xiaolin La1, Wenjuan Wang2, Meng Zhang3
1Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. xiaolin_la@163.com.
Abstract:
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is usually defined as three or more spontaneous abortions prior to 20-28 weeks gestation. RSA affects approximately 2-5% of all women of childbearing age, and it brings tremendous psychological and psychiatric trauma to the women and also results in economic burden. The causes could be female age, anatomical and chromosomal abnormalities, genetic, endocrinological, placental anomalies, infection, smoking and alcohol consumption, psychological factor, exposure to environmental factors such as heavy metal, environment pollution, and radiation.
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