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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Pituitary disease: An update.

Warrick J Inder1, Christina Jang2

  • 1MBChB, MD, FRACP, Endocrinologist, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Qld; Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Qld.

Australian Journal of General Practice
|February 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pituitary lesions are common, with symptomatic tumors causing mass effects or hormonal imbalances. This review focuses on identifying sellar and parasellar masses in primary care.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Pituitary lesions affect over 10% of the population.
  • Symptomatic pituitary tumors occur in approximately 1 in 1000 individuals.
  • These tumors can lead to mass effect, hormonal hypersecretion, or impaired pituitary function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline potential causes of sellar and parasellar masses.
  • To emphasize presenting clinical features for primary care physicians.
  • To detail screening investigations for primary care settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pituitary and sellar/parasellar masses.
  • Focus on clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches for primary care.
  • Synthesis of information on common and important pituitary pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Pituitary adenomas and Rathke's cleft cysts are the most common causes.
  • Prolactinomas are the most frequent functioning tumors, often presenting as macroadenomas in men.
  • Hyperprolactinemia is linked to 15% of secondary amenorrhea in women.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection of pituitary and sellar/parasellar masses is crucial.
  • Primary care physicians play a key role in initial screening and identification.
  • Optimal management of pituitary disease requires specialist multidisciplinary teams.