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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Author Spotlight: Decoding RNA Methylation's Role in Pancreatic Cancer - A Single-Base Resolution Study
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Recent progress in non-native nucleic acid modifications.

Luke K McKenzie1, Roberto El-Khoury2, James D Thorpe2

  • 1Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. marcel.hollenstein@pasteur.fr.

Chemical Society Reviews
|March 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modified oligonucleotides offer enhanced functionality and stability for diverse applications, overcoming limitations of natural nucleic acids. This review explores novel modifications, their synthesis, and future potential in medicine and technology.

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2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications
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Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
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Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Natural nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are fundamental to genetic information processing.
  • Oligonucleotides possess inherent programmability, synthetic accessibility, and broad functionality.
  • Applications span medicine (therapeutics, diagnostics) and technology (materials, catalysis, data storage).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-native modifications of oligonucleotides.
  • To discuss challenges in the design, synthesis, and application of modified oligonucleotides.
  • To provide an outlook on novel modified oligonucleotides.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of modifications at the nucleobase, sugar, and phosphate backbone levels.
  • Review of strategies to overcome limitations of natural oligonucleotides, such as nuclease degradation.
  • Synthesis and characterization of novel oligonucleotide structures.

Main Results:

  • Modified oligonucleotides exhibit expanded chemical functionality compared to natural counterparts.
  • Modifications enhance stability against enzymatic degradation, improving therapeutic potential.
  • Diverse applications are enabled by tailored chemical properties of modified oligonucleotides.

Conclusions:

  • Non-native modifications are crucial for advancing oligonucleotide applications in medicine and technology.
  • Overcoming synthetic and application challenges is key to realizing the full potential of modified oligonucleotides.
  • Future research will focus on novel modifications and their integration into cutting-edge technologies.