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Vitamin D supplements: The pharmacists' perspective.

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    This review offers pharmacists guidance on vitamin D supplementation. It highlights evidence for specific populations and clarifies insufficient evidence for other conditions, aiding informed patient recommendations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nutritional Science
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Vitamin D deficiency is diagnosed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels below 12 ng/mL.
    • Recommended daily intake varies by age, with 600 IU for those up to 70 and 800 IU for those over 70.
    • Vitamin D is indicated for rickets, osteomalacia, hypophosphatemia, renal osteodystrophy, and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide pharmacists with evidence-based guidance on vitamin D supplementation.
    • To clarify appropriate indications, dosing, monitoring, and adverse effects of vitamin D.

    Main Methods:

    • A narrative review of studies from 1966 to 2020.
    • Searches conducted across MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar.
    • Inclusion of English-language studies comparing vitamin D monotherapy to placebo.

    Main Results:

    • Evidence supports vitamin D supplementation for individuals aged 75 and older, and those with mobility, gait, or balance issues.
    • Insufficient evidence exists for vitamin D in preventing cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma, COPD exacerbations, type 2 diabetes, infectious lung diseases, cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's, depression, or prenatal use.
    • Vitamin D supplementation requires monitoring by a healthcare practitioner for its labeled indications.

    Conclusions:

    • Pharmacists can offer evidence-based advice on vitamin D supplements.
    • Guidance covers indications, appropriate dosing, monitoring protocols, and potential adverse effects.
    • This supports informed patient counseling and therapeutic decision-making.