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Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
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Advanced nanodelivery platforms for topical ophthalmic drug delivery
Shima Gholizadeh1, Ziqing Wang2, Xi Chen1
1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Abstract:
Conventional eye drops have several limitations, including the need for multiple applications per dose, hourly based dosage regiments, and suboptimal ocular bioavailability (<5%). The efficacy of topical ophthalmic medications can be significantly improved by controlling their contact time with the adherent mucin layer and by inducing sustained release properties, thus allowing for a prolonged contact time of the drug with the ocular tissues, which eventually will lead to improved drug bioavailability and a significant decrease in the frequency of eyedrop instillation. In this review, we critically highlight recent and innovative nanodrug delivery platforms, with a primary focus on the integration of nanotechnology, biomaterials, and polymer chemistry to facilitate precise spatial and temporal control over sustained drug release to the cornea.
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